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23xxx, 24xxx(62)6xxID-ACBLGRP per capitaUS$2,239.49GRP rank(2016)0.700 ( High)HDI rank(2014)WebsiteAceh ( ) is a of, located at the northern end of. Its capital and largest city is.
It is close to the of and separated from them by the. Granted a special status, Aceh is a religiously territory and the only Indonesian province practicing law officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region's population.Aceh is the place where the began, and was a key factor of the. Islam reached Aceh (Kingdoms of and ) around 1250 AD. In the early seventeenth century the was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the region.
Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former and later the Indonesian government.Aceh has substantial of and with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world. Aceh was the closest point of land to the of the, which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the (GAM). Head of from Aceh.Not much has been uncovered about the pre-Islamic history of Aceh, however there are several artifacts that linked pre-Islamic era with Buddhism and Dharmic culture, possibly came from Srivijaya or Indochina region, as well as pre-Islamic Old Malay custom. For example, the discovery of severed head of stone sculpture of, discovered in Aceh. The images of Buddhas are adorned his crown in front and each sides.
- AD/ART dan peraturan organisasi Partai Golkar. Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan Indonesian Democracy Party of Struggle The foundations of this party can be traced to the ruins of the old PDI. Partai Gerindra tercatat sebagai partai yang pertama kali membuka daftar penjaringan bakal calon (Balon) wali kota Makassar.
- Ad Art Partai Golkar Pdf Free. 7/13/2017 0 Comments Kumpulan Artikel Berita, Foto dan Video Liputan. Kumpulan video berita terbaru hari ini di Liputan6.com mewakili berbagai topik menarik berita politik, gaya hidup, gosip artis, teknologi dan olahraga. Kompas (Jakarta, direct link to print version of newspaper, includes archives search box.
Art estimated 9th century CE collection of, Jakarta.Historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri, which refer to Hindu god, gave some hint of Indian influence on this region. However, unlike Jambi and South Sumatra, there are no significant archaeological sites and findings such as, that link this region with Hindu-Buddhist culture.Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia. Map of, the first Islamic kingdom inEvidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in Southeast Asia is thin and inconclusive.
The historian Anthony Reid has argued that the region of the Cham people on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship with was Aceh. Furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of Islam was in the Aceh region. When traveller passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that was a Muslim town while nearby 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' were not.
'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' are often said to be but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has been found and is dated 696 (AD 1297). This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area and more gravestones from the thirteenth century show that this region continued under Muslim rule., a traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the school of Islam.The Portuguese apothecary reported in his early 16th-century book Suma Oriental that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through were Muslim. At Pasai, in what is now the, there was a thriving international port. Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the interior.
Sultanate of Aceh. Map of Aceh Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Iskandar MudaAfter the Portuguese occupation of in 1511, many Islamic traders passing the shifted their trade to and increased the rulers' wealth. During the reign of in the 17th century, Aceh's influence extended to most of and the. Aceh allied itself with the and the in their struggle against the and the. Acehnese military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh ceded its territory of in to the in the 18th century.By the early nineteenth century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of black pepper. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the Sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence.
These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports.Under the the ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the Sultanate.
Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with the rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire. Aceh War.
3rd Governor of Aceh and the regional leader of Darul Islam in AcehAfter World War II, civil war erupted in 1945 between the district warlords party, that supported the return of a Dutch government, and the religious ulama party that supported the newly proclaimed state of Indonesia. The ulama won, and the area remained free during Indonesian War of Independence. The Dutch military itself never attempted to invade Aceh. The civil war raised the religious ulama party leader, to the position of military governor of Aceh.
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Acehnese rebellion. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( September 2013) The Acehnese revolted soon after its inclusion into an independent Indonesia, a situation created by a complex mix of what the Acehnese regarded as transgressions against and betrayals of their rights. , the first president of Indonesia, had reneged on his promise made on 16 June 1948 that Aceh would be allowed to rule itself in accordance with its religious values which had been in place for centuries. Aceh was politically dismantled and incorporated into the province of in 1950.
This resulted in the Acehnese Rebellion of 1953–59 which was led by who on 20 September 1953 declared a free independent Aceh under the leadership of. In 1959, the Indonesian government attempted to placate the Acehnese by offering wide-ranging freedom in matters relating to religion, education and culture. Free Aceh Movement. Women soldiers of the with GAM commander Abdullah Syafei'i, 1999During the 1970s, under an agreement with the Indonesian central government, American oil and gas companies began exploitation of Aceh natural resources.
Alleged unequal distribution of profits between central government and the native people of Aceh induced Dr., former ambassador of Darul Islam, to call for an independent Aceh. He proclaimed independence in 1976.The movement had a small number of followers initially, and Dr. Hasan Muhammad di Tiro himself had to live in exile in Sweden. Meanwhile, the province followed 's policy of economic development and industrialization. During the late 1980s several security incidents prompted the Indonesian central government to take repressive measures and to send troops to Aceh. Human rights abuse was rampant for the next decade, resulting in many grievances on the part of the Acehnese toward the Indonesian central government.
In 1990, the Indonesian government initiated by deploying more than 12.000 Indonesian army in the region. During the late 1990s, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government gave an advantage to the Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. This support was demonstrated during the 1999 plebiscite in Banda Aceh which was attended by nearly half a million people (of four million population of the province).
Indonesian central government responded in 2001 by broadening Aceh's autonomy, giving its government the right to apply Sharia law more broadly and the right to receive direct foreign investment. This was again accompanied by repressive measures, however, and in 2003 and a was proclaimed in the Province. The war was still going on when the tsunami disaster of 2004 struck the province. Exxon Mobil human rights abuse lawsuit. Main article:On 21 June 2001, eleven villagers from an Acehnese village in the used the to sue in for human rights abuses at the Arun natural gas field. The villagers claim they were tortured, raped, or murdered by soldiers from the Indonesian military.
They claimed that Exxon Mobil created barracks to be used for torture of detainees and gave the unit which guarded the Exxon-Mobil natural gas field heavy equipment to cover mass burials after a clash with separatists. Exxon Mobil reportedly shut down the site because of escalating violence. The villagers need to reveal their identities in order to receive Indonesian government protection, but are reluctant to do so for fear of reprisals from the Indonesian military.Tsunami disaster. Aftermath of the tsunami in AcehThe western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of, and, were among the areas hardest-hit by the resulting from the magnitude 9.2 on 26 December 2004.
While estimates vary, over 170,000 people were killed by tsunami in Aceh and about 500,000 were left homeless. The tragedy of the tsunami was further compounded several months later, when the struck the sea bed between the islands of in Aceh and in North Sumatra. This second quake killed a further 1346 people on Nias and Simeulue, displaced tens of thousands more, and caused the tsunami response to be expanded to include Nias. The estimates a 100% increase in prevalence of mild and moderate in Aceh's general population after the tsunami.The population of Aceh before the December 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000 (2004). The population as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589, and at January 2014 was 4,731,705.As of February 2006, more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people were still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC).
Reconstruction was visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, and logistic difficulties, progress was slow. A study in 2007 estimates 83.6% of the population has psychiatric illness, while 69.8% suffers from severe emotional distress.The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (15 August 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of law, including the introduction of the controversial 'WH' or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of, increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.
Boats washed ashore near local businesses in down town Aceh, Sumatra following a massive tsunami that struck the area on 26 December 2004While parts of the capital were unscathed, the areas closest to the water, especially the areas of Kampung Jawa and Meuraxa, were completely destroyed. Most of the rest of the western coast of Aceh was severely damaged. Many towns completely disappeared. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included, Lamno, and the island of. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north & east coast were, and.The area was slowly rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-kilometer along low-lying coastal areas within which permanent construction was not permitted.
This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially families that are dependent on living near to the sea.The Indonesian government set up a special agency for Aceh reconstruction, the (BRR) headed by, a former Indonesian Minister. This agency had ministry level of authority and incorporated officials, professionals and community leaders from all backgrounds. Most of the reconstruction work was performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves.The estimated in their Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment that damages amounted to US$4.5 billion (before inflation, and US$6.2 billion including inflation). Three years after the tsunami, reconstruction was still ongoing. The monitored funding for reconstruction in Aceh and reported that US$7.7 billion had been earmarked for the reconstruction whilst at June 2007 US$5.8 billion had been allocated to specific reconstruction projects, of which US$3.4 billion had actually been spent (58%).In 2009, the government opened a US$5.6 million to commemorate the tsunami with photographs, stories, and a simulation of the earthquake that triggered the tsunami. Peace agreement and contemporary history. Martti Ahtisaari, facilitator in Aceh-Indonesia peace agreementThe 2004 tsunami helped trigger a peace agreement between the and the Indonesian government.
The mood in post- Indonesia in the liberal-democratic reform period, as well as changes in the Indonesian military, helped create an environment more favorable to peace talks. The roles of newly elected president and vice president were highly significant. At the same time, the GAM leadership was undergoing changes, and the had inflicted so much damage on the rebel movement that it had little choice but to negotiate with the central government. The peace talks were first initiated, a Finnish peace activist, and then formally facilitated by a -based NGO, the led by former Finnish President. The resulting peace agreement, generally known as the, was signed on 15 August 2005. Under the agreement Aceh would receive special autonomy and government troops would be withdrawn from the province in exchange for GAM's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the dispatched 300.
Their mission expired on 15 December 2006, following local elections.Aceh has been granted broader autonomy through Aceh Government Legislation covering special rights agreed upon in 2002 as well as the right of the Acehnese to establish local political parties to represent their interests. Human rights advocates protested that previous human rights violations in the province needed to be addressed, however.
Ecology and biodiversity Aceh has the largest range of biodiversity in the Asian Pacific region. Among the rarer large mammals are the,.
In 2014, there were 460 Sumatran elephants in Aceh including at least eight baby elephants. The area has been suffering from since the 1970s. The first mill in Aceh was built in 1982. The government of Aceh intends a law by which 1.2 million hectares would be opened for commercial use. This proposal has caused many protests. Government Within the country, Aceh is governed not as a province but as a special territory ( daerah istimewa), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased from the central government in.Regional elections have been held in Aceh in recent years for senior positions at the provincial, regency ( kabupaten) and district ( kecamatan) levels. In the, was elected as the provincial governor for 2007–2012 and in, was elected as governor for 2012–2017.Governors.
Sharia applies in full, including criminal lawBeginning with the promulgation of Law 44/1999, Aceh's governor began to issue limited -based regulations, for example requiring female government employees to wear Islamic dress. These regulations were not enforced by the provincial government, but as early as April 1999, reports emerged that groups of men in Aceh were engaging in violence in an effort to impose Sharia, for example, by conducting ' raids,' subjecting women who were not wearing Islamic headscarves to verbal abuse, cutting their hair or clothes, and committing other acts of violence against them. The frequency of these and other attacks on individuals considered to be violating Sharia principles appeared to increase following the enactment of Law 44/1999 and the governor's Sharia regulations. In 2014, a group of scholars who call themselves, started to paint the of men and women as a call for heavier Islamic law enforcement in the area.Upon the enactment of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001, Aceh's provincial legislature enacted a series of (local laws) governing the implementation of Sharia.
Five qanuns enacted between 2002 and 2004 contained criminal penalties for violations of Sharia: Qanun 11/2002 on 'belief, ritual, and promoting Islam,' which contains the Islamic attire requirement; Qanun 12/2003 prohibiting the consumption and sale of alcohol; Qanun 13/2003 prohibiting gambling; Qanun 14 /2003 prohibiting 'seclusion'; and Qanun 7/2004 on the payment of Islamic alms. With the exception of gambling, none of the offenses are prohibited outside of Aceh.Responsibility for enforcement of the qanuns rests both with the National Police and with a special Sharia police force unique to Aceh, known as the (Sharia Authority). All of the qanuns provide for penalties including fines, imprisonment, and, the latter a punishment unknown in most parts of Indonesia. Between mid-2005 and early 2007, at least 135 people were caned in Aceh for transgressing the qanuns. In April 2016, a 60-year-old non-Muslim woman was sentenced to 30 lashes for selling alcohol drinks. The controversy is that qanun is not allowed for non-Muslim person, and national law should be used instead as in other parts of Indonesia.In April 2009, won control of the local parliament in Aceh's first post-war legislative elections.
Regencies of AcehAdministratively, the province is subdivided into eighteen ( kabupaten) and five autonomous cities ( kota). The capital and the largest city is, located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. Some local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development.The cities and regencies (subdivided into the of Aceh), are listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census and according to the latest estimates for January 2014. Note: UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang.Economy In 2006, the economy of Aceh grew by 7.7% after having minimal growth since the devastating tsunami. This growth was primarily driven by the reconstruction effort with massive growth in the building/construction sector.The ending of the conflict, and the reconstruction program resulted in the structure of the economy changing significantly since 2003. Service sectors played a more dominant role whilst the share of the oil and gas sectors continued to decline.Sector (% share of Aceh GDP)052006Agriculture and fisheries17202121Oil, gas and mining36302625Manufacturing (incl oil and gas manufact)20181614Electricity and water supply.Building / Construction3445Trade, hotels and restaurants11121415Transport & Communication3455Banking & other Financial1111Services8101313Total00.
= less than 0.5%After peaking at around 40% in December 2005, largely as a result of the impact of sudden aid flows into the province, declined steadily and was 8.5% in June 2007, close to the national level in of 5.7%. Persistent inflation means that Aceh's (CPI) remains the highest in Indonesia. As a result, Aceh's cost competitiveness has declined as reflected in both inflation and wage data. Although inflation has slowed down, CPI has registered steady increases since the tsunami. Using 2002 as a base, Aceh's CPI increased to 185.6 (June 2007) while the nationalCPI increased to 148.2. There have been relatively large nominal wage increases in particular sectors, such as construction where, on average, workers' nominal wages have risen to almost Rp.60,000 per day, from Rp.29,000 pre-tsunami. This is also reflected in Aceh's minimum regional wage (UMR, or Upah Minimum Regional), which increased by 55% from Rp.550,000 pre-tsunami to Rp.850,000 in 2007, compared with an increase of 42% in neighboring, from Rp.537,000 to Rp.761,000.levels increased slightly in Aceh in 2005 after the tsunami, but by less than expected.
The poverty level then fell in 2006 to below the pre-tsunami level, suggesting that the rise in tsunami-related poverty was short lived and reconstruction activities and the end of the conflict most probably facilitated this decline. However, poverty in Aceh remains significantly higher than in the rest of Indonesia. A large number of the Acehnese remain vulnerable to poverty, reinforcing the need for further sustained efforts at development in the post-tsunami construction period. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.19712,008,595—19802,611,271+2.96%19903,416,156+2.72%19953,847,583+2.41%20003,930,905+0.43%20104,494,410+1.35%20144,731,705+1.29%Source: 2010, Kementerian Kesehatan Estimasi 2014The population of Aceh was not adequately documented during the because the insurgency complicated the process of collecting accurate information.
An estimated 170,000 people died in Aceh in the 2004 tsunami which further complicates the task of careful demographic analysis. According to the most recent (2010) census, the total population of Aceh in 2010 was 4,486,570. Ethnic and cultural groups Aceh is a diverse region occupied by several ethnic and language groups. The major ethnic groups are the (who are distributed throughout Aceh), (in central and eastern part), (in ), (in ), (descendant from, concentrated in southern and southwestern), (in ), and (on Island). There is also a significant population of, Among the present day Acehnese can be found some individuals of, and descent.The is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. This is a member of the group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the group of languages. Acehnese also has many words borrowed from Malay and and traditionally was written using.
Acehnese is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan , and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Penang. Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the group. The originated from in, with just a few variations and differences.Religion. 0.16%According to 2010 census of the Central Statistics Agency, Muslims dominate Aceh with more than 98% or 4,413,200 followers and only 50,300 Protestants and 3,310 Catholics.Religious issues are often sensitive in Aceh. There is very strong support for Islam across the province, and sometimes other religious groups – such as Christians or Buddhists – feel that they are subject to social or community pressure to limit their activities.
The official explanation for this action, supported by both the Governor of Aceh and the Indonesian Home Affairs Minister from Jakarta, was that the churches did not have the appropriate permits. Earlier in April 2012, a number of churches in the in southern Aceh had also been ordered to close. In response, some Christians voiced concern about these actions. In 2015 a church was burned down and another attacked in which a Muslim rioter was shot, causing president to call for calm. Human rights violations Caning has increasingly been used as a form of judicial punishment in Aceh.
This is backed by the governor of Aceh. At least 72 people were caned for various offences, including drinking alcohol, being alone with someone of the opposite sex who was not a marriage partner or relative (khalwat), gambling and for being caught having gay sex. The Acehnese authorities passed a series of by-laws governing the implementation of after the enactment of the province’s Special Autonomy Law in 2001. In 2016 alone, 339 public caning cases were documented by human rights organizations. In January 2018, the Aceh police, with support from the Aceh autonomous government, raided hair salons known to have LGBT clients and staff as part of an operasi penyakit masyarakat ('community sickness operation').
The police abused all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlors and arrested twelve transgender women. The arrested trans women were stripped topless, had their heads shaved, and were forced to chant insults at themselves as part of a. The intent of the incident was to reverse what officials deemed a 'social disease' and that parents were coming to them upset at the increasing number of LGBT individuals in Aceh.
The event was decried by human rights organizations local and worldwide, such as. Usman Hamid stated for the Indonesia branch of the organization that 'cutting the hair of those arrested to ‘make them masculine’ and forcing them to dress like men are forms of public shaming and amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, in contravention of Indonesia’s international obligations.” See also.Notes.
Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 23 July 2018. Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M. Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; dan Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia., 15 February 2007.
United Nations. Economic and social survey of Asia and the Pacific 2005. 2005, page 172.
Www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 August 2018. Daniel Perret (24 February 2007). Asia Research Institute. Archived from (PDF) on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
Reid (1988 and 1993). Ricklefs (1991), page 4. Ricklefs (1991),page 7. Ricklefs (1991), page 17.D. Hall, A History of South-east Asia. London: Macmillan, 1955.
^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2001) A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P 185–188., ed. Cambridge U.P. P. 104. E.H.
Kossmann, The Low Countries 1780–1940 (1978) pp 400–401. Linawati Sidarto, 'Images of a grisly past', The Jakarta Post: Weekender, July 2011. Archived from on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title. Mufti Ali, 'A Study of Hasan Mustafa's 'Fatwa: 'It Is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslims to be Loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government,' Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, April 2004, Vol. 52 Issue 2, pp 91–122.
John Martinkus (2004). Random House Australia.
P. 47. Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001). Stanford University Press. Arsa Raya Perdana. P. 27.
atjehcyberID. ATJEH CYBER WARRIOR. Archived from on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Dewan Penjelidikan Sumatera. P. 35. Abdul Haris Nasution (1963). Sedjarah Militer Dam II/BB. P. 12.
Indonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku '20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka.' ; Indonesia.
Departement Penerangan. P. 547. Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer (1965).
P. 8. Indonesia.
Departemen Penerangan. Departemen Penerangan R.I.
P. 545. Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke III September 1990.
Halaman I & Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke IV September 1990 halaman I. Louis Jong (2002). P. 189. ^.M Nur El-Ibrahimy, Peranan Teungku M. Daud Bereueh dalam Pergolakan di Aceh, 2001.A.H. Nasution, Seputar Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Jilid II, 1977.
Banerjee, Neela (21 June 2001). The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
For details of the impact of the tsunami in Aceh, see Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley in collaboration with Bhanupong Nidhiprabha, Budy P. Resosudarmo and Dushni Weerakoon, Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA USA: Edward Elgar and Asian Development Bank Institute, 2010. Wise, Cat (2011). Public Broadcasting Service.
Retrieved 13 April 2014. ^. Souza, R., Bernatsky, S., Ryes, R., Jong, K. 'Mental Health Status of Vulnerable Tsunami-Affected Communities: A Survey in Aceh Province, Indonesia'. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 20(3), 263–269.
Stefan G. Retrieved 13 July 2013. 'Indonesia Opens Tsunami Museum'. The Irrawaddy.
March – April 2009: 3. A very useful and detailed account of the negotiation process from the Indonesian side is in the book by the Indonesian key negotiator, Peace in Aceh: Notes on the peace process between the Republic of Indonesia and the Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM) in Helsinki, translated by Tim Scott, 2009, Jakarta. 15 August 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2013. Hillman, Ben (2012). ' 'Power Sharing and Political Party Engineering in Conflict-Prone Societies: The Indonesian Experiment in Aceh'. Conflict Security and Development.
12 (2): 149–169. Author(s): Veena Siddharth, Asia advocacy director (27 August 2005). Retrieved 13 July 2013. ^ Simanjuntak, Hotli; Sangaji, Ruslan (20 May 2013).
The Jakarta Post. 19 August 2014.
McGregor, Andrew (2010). 'Green and REDD? Towards a Political Ecology of Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia'. Human Geography. 3 (2): 21–34. Down to Earth (47). From the original on 3 March 2012.
^ The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 17 May 2016. ^. Human Rights Watch.
Archived from on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
Edi Sumardi (4 December 2014). Rachmadin Ismail (14 April 2016).
Hotli Simanjuntak and Ina Parlina, ', The Jakarta Post, 7 February 2014. ', The Jakarta Post, 27 August 2015. Hotli Simanjuntak, ', The Jakarta Post, 19 September 2015. Lizzie Dearden (17 May 2017). Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. World Bank, Jakarta,.
World Bank, Jakarta,. A useful survey of the state of development up to 2010 is in the UNDP. Edward Aspinall, Ben Hillman, and Peter McCawley, a report by Australian National University Enterprise, Canberra, for UNDP, Jakarta, 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Retrieved 13 June 2012. Bagus BT Saragih, ' 26 October 2012 at the, The Jakarta Pose, 25 October 2012. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015. 23 May 2017. Indonesian, B.
Retrieved 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018. Reuters. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.References. Indonesia. Angkatan Darat.
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Arsa Raya Perdana. Retrieved 10 March 2014. Contributors Sumatra Research Council (Hull, England), University of Hull Centre for South-East Asian Studies. Dewan Penjelidikan Sumatera. Retrieved 10 March 2014. CS1 maint: others.
Contributor Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Komando Daerah Militer II Bukit Barisan. Sejarah Militer. Sedjarah Militer Dam II/BB. Retrieved 10 March 2014. CS1 maint: others Further reading.
Bowen, J. Sumatran politics and poetics: Gayo history, 1900–1989. New Haven, Yale University Press. Bowen, J. Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia Cambridge University Press. Iwabuchi, A.
Ad/art Partai Golkar Terbaru Pdf 2016
The people of the Alas Valley: a study of an ethnic group of Northern Sumatra. Oxford, England; New York, Clarendon Press. McCarthy, J. The Fourth Circle. A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier, Stanford University Press.
Miller, Michelle Ann. London and New York: Routledge. Miller, Michelle Ann, ed. Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia (Singapore: ISEAS).
Siegel, James T. The rope of God. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.; A classic and historical study of Aceh, and Islam in the region.
Originally published in 1969External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for.Wikimedia Commons has media related to. (in Indonesian).
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